Do Violent Video Games Cause Youth Violence Media Essay

The Importance of Feminism within Criminology Essay

The Importance of Feminism inside Criminology - Essay Example Additionally, women's activist criminologists reprimand unitary arrangement of ladies careless of the impact of race, class, and sexual disparity (Britton 2000, p.63). Backing has been instrumental in the improvement of lives of ladies detainees, for example, development of clinical administrations, work preparing, and instructive possibilities. The underrepresentation of ladies as criminal wrongdoers is obvious. By and large, the sex proportions of criminal guilty parties as discharged by social control specialists are one-sided. Thus, ladies are underrepresented as survivors of wrongdoing. A large portion of research embraced on this theme lopsidedly demonstrates that men are for the most part exploited than ladies in all classes of vicious violations, excluding assault and rape. This is the place women's activist criminology has made a big deal about its imprint. Its writing on this field has chiefly featured offenses of which ladies are destined to be casualties. Woman's rights h as borne organic products as standard criminology writing presently includes women's activist exact work and hypotheses, with certain segments examining assault and private savagery. Britton (2000, p.70) contends that the field of criminology is masculinised where researchers basically focus on exercises of men inferable from measurements that show men’s inclination to crimes contrasted with ladies. Hypothetical and Methodological Perspectives in Feminist Criminology Over the most recent thirty years, women's activist criminologists have tested hypotheses, ideas, approachs, and presumptions progressed by criminologists in the investigation of wrongdoing and equity framework. Research on this subject shows massive differences in wrongdoing proportions among sex and race. In any case, a brief hypothesis clarifying this marvel is yet set up. A portion of the spearheading work is Carol Gilligan’s hypothesis of good advancement that considers women’s ethic of care to lessen their likelihood of culpable. Other hypothetical contentions progressed incorporate liberation hypothesis, which holds that, women’s lower paces of association in crimes originates from their constrainment to household jobs. The hypothesis clarifies this is occasioned by segregation that tops their yearnings and openings. With social and political liberation, women’s expanded association in crimes will be inescapable (Makarios 2007, p. 107). Exactly, these hypotheses have gotten negligible help on the grounds that despite the fact that the pace of women’s contribution in rough wrongdoings has expanded; they remain generally low contrasted with those of men. The expansion can be credited to expanded monetary underestimation of ladies just as an adjustment in how social control specialists see ladies (Makarios 2007, p.108). Numerous quantitative investigations have been attempted here the majority of which embrace value approach. This is mainstream among l iberal women's activists where sexual orientation is conceptualized as an autonomous variable. Liberal women's activists hold that ladies are denied access to rise to political, budgetary, and profession get to simply based on sex. The scholars guarantee that sociological elements, instead of physiological, best clarify women’s guiltiness. Radical women's activists have disagreed with these methodologies by contending that the exploitation of ladies has been standardized and ought not be compared to that of men. Radical women's activists scrutinize the cases made by liberal women's activists as gullible. Radical women's activists relate social relations, imbalance, and wrongdoing to male force and benefit (Proctor 2006, p.28). What's more, they contend

The Influencer Marketing Revolution Macro Versus Micro Influencers

The Influencer Marketing Revolution Macro Versus Micro Influencers Influencers indeed have a significant influence over marketing.It’s such an obvious statement, but are we actually aware of how have the influencers changed the marketing strategy?How are things on the micro and macro level?LETS START WITH SOME COMMON FACTS!Do you actually know what influencer marketing is?When businesses sell their products and services by promoting themselves using those who have an impact over what people buy, that’s influencer marketing!Don’t let this definition freak you out, as things are quite simple.Here comes a practical example:Let’s say your business is related to selling make-up, for example.You have a quality content on your website, good products to offer, but still cannot rank well, because the competition is very high.If you are more than positive that what you are offering is of top quality and it deserves attention, what you have to do is…… try to reach for Kim Kardashian to promote your page and products! Okay, this may be a silly examp le, but you do get the point, right?People use the “power” or someone who is already an established name to have their products and services promoted.When we say established, it’s not necessary a celebrity we aim at.Micro VS Macro InfluencersWe came to the point where one should know the difference between these two.Micro influencers are those who are active social media users but with a moderate number of followers. Let’s say less than 10k.They post about certain products not because someone paid them to do so, but because they personally love them.For example, if one is a book lover, he/she may have a page dedicated to books where one promotes and sells them, without any publishers paying them to do so.Some people like to make a parallel between micro influencers and old-fashioned word-of-mouth marketing strategy.As for the macro influencers, they are the BIG fish in the marketing industry.They have a whole army of followers, more than 10k, and they are celebrities at thei r finest.However, when we say celebrities here, it doesn’t necessarily have to be someone who is an actor, singer and similar.By celebrity, we mean someone who is well-known on social media platforms and in the real world.These macro influencers are paid to promote certain products and brands.Companies use the established name of those influencers to get access to the audience who is already engaged.Before we get down to marketing tips and tricks…… let us see WHAT does it take for a person to have a good business?The beginning of all beginnings is a good idea. Some people have many of them on their mind, while some of them get stuck with a single without being able to think of alternatives.Use Google to expand your ideas, see what is related to those ideas you already have and make a good plan.Remember that high quality is what defines someone as good, and people can make a difference.A good plan means writing down all the important aspects that are part of any business.Find t he business idea and research the market to see what the potential chances for you to succeed are.Then, let us not forget the budget, as nothing can be done without money.It doesn’t have to be all your life savings but defines how much are you ready to spend to start up some business.Make sure you are reasonable and cautious with money; don’t let it slip you just like that.And the last but not the least important marketing!Think of the ways to promote your business and reach your audience.As we are about to discuss this one widely, no need to give some small hints. THE AWESOME POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETINGYou are probably pretty much aware that social media are getting more and more present in everybody’s life.It’s not just a matter of connecting with friend and family worldwide or posting funny content, it’s far more than that.Whereas the initial idea was to make both people and content more available to each other, social media nowadays have many other purposes.People use them to promote their business, to share their creative ideas and thoughts, to reach to people who are all over the world.As with any other fields, social media platforms have good and bad sides. But we shall put a focus on the advantages this time, as that’s what matters to us.Thinking about WHY social media platforms are so powerful when used for marketing purposes…There are really numerous reasons. This is just a small recap:It’s much easier to reach and target the audience.You can provide various content at the same time in the same place.You can have a direct insight by reading numerous comments and reviews people leave.Social media marketing is free if you do it yourself.There are no limits when it comes to a number of platforms one can use.Of course, there are many more, but we hope that listing a few of them is more than enough to show you what we aim at.The whole point is that back then, marketing options were significantly limited to few mediums such as TV, radi o or newspaper and magazines.Besides all of them, one has an entire online universe available. However, the trick is to know how to use them wisely and correctly. Otherwise, one will end up with more problems than benefits.If you want to take our advice, the key in successful advertising is making the balance.You don’t have to use all the platforms you can think of, but definitely more than one is mandatory if you seriously consider social media and influencer marketing.Some people see it as a sad fact, while others find it utterly positive, but it is a fact that people spend a lot of time in the online world.Some of them seem to have been extinct out of the real one, as they spend all of their time online.Whichever is the case, people realized that it’s the best way to advertise themselves, business etc.For that reason, one must offer quality and diverse content, a combination of articles, pictures, and videos where all the aspects will be taken into consideration.Even though t he market seems overcrowded, people can still feel the difference.HOW TO GET THE BEST OF MICRO INFLUENCER MARKETING?When one is interested in using this type of promotion here’s WHAT you should do!The main advantage of micro-influencers promotion is in their affordability.You can have your products and services promoted at a fairly reasonable price.Those with an average number of followers charge less per post. As the number of followers grows, the price jumps up as well.Another good thing about micro influencers is that they are more or less common people, like any of us. They are typical consumers of those products and services they advertise.That’s what makes them so trustworthy in the eyes of potential consumers.People feel that they can connect with them.They feel that micro influencers are sharing their truly personal experience with them, which is why they trust them. The more trust the better the sale of products or services advertised.Even though many say that this type of marketing reminds a lot on the old-fashioned word-of-mouth marketing, that’s a huge advantage actually.Having in mind all the things from the previous paragraph, you will easily connect and realize what the secret of successful micro influencer marketing is.Perhaps the only downside of this type of marketing would be that you may not reach as many people as you could with a macro influencer.However, sometimes it’s better to have a smaller group of your consumers which will expand and grow as they gain trust in you and the micro influencer of your choice.MICRO INFLUENCER MARKETING- THE HOTTEST TIPS!As said, the biggest advantage of this type of influencers is their commonness.People will see them as some family member, a friend, which is why they will trust them, sometimes even without questioning.They build a connection on mutual interests and preferences, and that’s certainly a strong and quite natural one.Here’s WHAT you have to do if you want your business to be a suc cess:Reminiscing the good old days when people would sit and share each other stories, use the power of a good story. People strive for hearing personal, devouring stories because they connect to them.Make your business last long, turn it into an on-going campaign. Let the influencer share posts on daily basis, preferably with pictures. That way people will see how good and reliable your products and services are since an influencer is using them constantly.Your own followers, if satisfied by what you have to offer can be your own army of influencers. Get them to spread the word and it will work like a magic.HOW TO GET THE BEST OF MACRO INFLUENCER MARKETING?Now, do we really have to explain where the true power of a macro influencer is?With that being self-explanatory, the only thing we could discuss here are downsides.Yeah, there are those as well.Costs, as the mainly visible ones, are truly high.Even when someone has top-quality services and products to offer, there’s simply no budget to support that.One would say that it’s worth investing, but sometimes it’s much more than just a desire.For one starting a smaller business, these costs are even beyond imagination.If you want to get a hint of what we’re aiming at, just have a look at some social media platforms of macro influencers.You will see that companies are ready to pay a fortune to get a celeb advertising their products and services.MACRO INFLUENCER MARKETING- THE HOTTEST TIPS!It’s not just a matter of picking any celeb to have your business advertised and better ranked, but picking the right celeb!It’s may sound silly, but even though a celeb is already powerful by him/herself, still people need to feel some sort of connection between an influencer and that business.People are not stupid and even though colourful and engaging marketing tips and tricks can seduce many of them, people make the difference.If consumers feel that the promotion has a huge dose of artificiality in it, they won’ t buy or use those products and services.Even though celebs are powerful, there still has to be a certain dose of some commonality and a true relationship in there.Here’s WHAT you have to do if this is a marketing method of your choice:As already said, if you want people to feel that you want to offer them something of the best quality, there has to be a connection between you and the micro influencer of your choice. Celebs bring a broad spectrum of audience, which can sometimes be counter-productive. Make sure you target your audience well.Before you just rush into spending all the money you have on hiring a celeb for marketing purposes, ask yourself what is the message you are trying to send to your consumers by picking a certain celebrity to promote your products and services. Make sure you don’t bother a celeb with lots of instructions but try to give just a slight hint what your idea is. HOW DO INFLUENCERS EARN MONEY?Now, let’s take a brief look from their side when it co mes to pricing models.There are few different ways how influencers make money.Some of them use only one method, while the other combine, that’s an entirely up to influencer.Here are the payment methods:Some influencers get paid per post or video. By this we mean content which is published on any social media platform, be it an article, post, a pic, tweet, comment or whatever else.There’s also a method where influencers get paid per engagement. During that period, they use marketing methods of their choice or those suggested by business owners. They are paid for the actual number or retweets, likes, shares etc. The more the merrier is the logic.A method where they get paid per click is when consumers act based on the content presented by an influencer.A cost per acquisition is when an influencer earns money based on the number of sales they’ve done.And, finally, some influencers don’t want money. They are “paid” in products or services offered by those who they advertise. As said, each influencer will choose the preferred method. They can be combined, and in the end, it’s all up to a final decision and agreement made by two of them.WHAT DO STATISTICS SAY?As already said, people are capable of making the difference between artificial marketing compared to the one that looks natural.Some consumers already have the idea what they want, while the others want someone to help them make up their mind.That’s where quality marketing plays an important role.There are many different types of research and data on this subject, here are just some of them:Influencers can generate up to 11x the ROI of traditional marketing.94% of businesses which use influencer marketing see it as an effective practice.Those who want to raise brand awareness mainly opt for macro influencers.People trust recommendations much more than they trust ads.The more the followers the bigger level of consumer’s engagementWe have chosen just some of the hottest conclusions, there are ma ny more which point out the importance of both types of marketing.TO BE OR NOT TO BE MICRO OR MACRO?One sees this as the easiest decision to make, while the other cannot make up their mind so easily.As this is an entirely personal decision, each of us will have different reasons for choosing or not choosing a certain type of marketing.Micro influencers have a special relationship with their audience, they are authentic, and they don’t cost a fortune.Moreover, they are far easier to reach and connect to.On the other hand, macro influencers are a costlier option but they have a bigger army of followers, which leads to your business being promoted to a huger audience.Whichever suits you the best, it’s entirely up to you to decide, but you need to have in mind is……that YOUR IDEA matters the most. It has to be something interesting, good, engaging; something that will make people realize your business is worth their attention.So, be brave to give it a try, you never know what ne w day brings!

Mannerismâ€Art After the High Renaissance

After the High Renaissance in Italy, many wondered just where art was heading next. The answer? Mannerism. The new style first popped up in Florence and Rome, then the rest of Italy and, eventually, all over Europe. Mannerism, a phrase coined in the 20th century, is what happened artistically during the Late Renaissance (otherwise known as the years between Raphaels death and the beginning of the Baroque phase in 1600). Mannerism also represents Renaissance art going out, as they say, not with a bang but, rather, a (relative) whimper. The High Renaissance was, of course, astonishing. It represented a peak, a height, a veritable zenith (if you will) of artistic genius that surely must have owed something to a favorable zodiac. In fact, the only downside to the whole business was, with the Big Three Names diminished to one (Michelangelo) after 1520, where was art to go? It almost seemed as if art itself said Oh, what the hey. We could never top the High Renaissance, so why bother? Hence, Mannerism. Its not fair, though, to completely blame art for its loss of momentum after the High Renaissance. There were, as there always are, mitigating factors. For example, Rome was sacked in 1527, taken over by the armies of Charles V. Charles (who had previously just been Charles I, King of Spain) had himself crowned as Holy Roman Emperor and got to control things in most of Europe and the New World. By all accounts, he was not particularly interested in sponsoring art or artists—especially not Italian artists. Neither was he enamored with the idea of the independent city-states of Italy, and most of them lost their independent status. Additionally, a troublemaker named Martin Luther had been stirring things up in Germany, and the spread of his radical preaching was causing many to question the authority of the Church. The Church, of course, found this absolutely intolerable. Its response to the Reformation was to launch the Counter Reformation, a joyless, restrictive authoritative movement which had a zero-tolerance policy toward Renaissance innovations (among many, many other things). So here was poor art, deprived of most of its genius, patrons, and freedom. If Mannerism seems a bit half-posteriored to us now, it was honestly about the best that could be expected under the circumstances. Characteristics of Mannerism On the plus side, artists had gained lots of technical knowledge during the Renaissance (such as the use of oil paints and perspective) which would never again be lost to a dark age. Another new development at this time was rudimentary archaeology. The Mannerist artists now had actual works, from antiquity, to study. No longer did they need to use their respective imagination when it came to Classical stylization. That said, they (the Mannerist artists) almost seemed determined to use their powers for evil. Where High Renaissance art was natural, graceful, balanced and harmonious, the art of Mannerism was quite different. While technically masterful, Mannerist compositions were full of clashing colors, disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs (often torturous-looking), emotion and bizarre themes that combined Classicism, Christianity, and mythology. The nude, which had been rediscovered during the Early Renaissance, was still present during the Late but, heavens—the poses in which it found itself! Leaving compositional instability out of the picture (pun intended), no human could have maintained positions such as those depicted—clothed or otherwise. Landscapes suffered a similar fate. If the sky in any given scene wasnt a menacing color, it was filled with flying animals, malevolent putti, Grecian columns, or some other unnecessary busy-ness. Or all of the above. Whatever Happened to Michelangelo? Michelangelo, as things turned out, segued nicely into Mannerism. He was flexible, making transitions with his art that dovetailed with the transitions in all of those successive Popes who commissioned his work. Michelangelo had always had a tendency toward the dramatic and emotive in his art, as well as a sort of carelessness toward the human element in his human figures. It probably shouldnt have been surprising, then, to find that restorations of his works in the Sistine Chapel (the ceiling and Last Judgement frescoes) uncovered his use of a rather loud palette of colors. How Long Did the Late Renaissance Last? Depending on whos doing the figuring, Mannerism was en vogue around 80 years (give or take a decade or two). Though it lasted at least twice as long as the High Renaissance, the Late Renaissance got shoved aside, by the Baroque period, fairly quickly (as history goes). Which was a good thing, indeed, for those who are not great lovers of Mannerism—even though it was so distinct from High Renaissance art that it deserves its own name.

Drug Addiction=Disease - 1009 Words

Current Topics in Health 26 November 2012 Drug Addiction a Disease? Drug addiction, a new major phenomenon in our society today. The dependence, compulsive craving of a drug which becomes priority over all other issues in one’s life. We recognize that this issue of drugs and addiction is a growing problem now affecting most in this world. The physical characteristics of addiction would trembling, sweating, loss of appetite, and seizures. Psychological characteristics are harder to define because the person addicted is the one who knows the real struggle. Anyone is susceptible to drugs and becoming addicted. The main people involved in drug addiction is just the individual indulging in the substance and the person who†¦show more content†¦Referring to addiction as a disease we risk expanding the very definition of what a disease truly is, we as a society would have to make new regulations and laws that deal with addicts. It blurs responsibility of the caretakers involved in treatment by forcing or pressuring them to tre at the patient. Although one cannot force a person to go through treatment, only set up and individualized plan and hope the patient follows through and grasps the concept of what they are trying to accomplish, which is to no longer be addicted to harmful substances. The stigma of drug addiction would lead to mistreatment of the impaired, it would be counter productive to the advancement of treatment, and the pressure others would put upon the addict to conform to societal normalcy. My recommendations for further exploration into this issue would be to really examine the ways in which and addict lives his/her daily life compared to a sober individual and also compare both of them to and individual who has turned their life around and discontinued their harmful impulsions. 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Going Green in Hospitality Free Essays

Hospitality Studies Report GOING GREEN IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Word count: 1328 ? Introduction3 Benefits3 Are there actually disadvantage of staying the same? 3 The definite advantages of changing3 What people think4 Are there side effects? 4 Knowledge aquired4 Financial5 Conclusion5 Bibliography6 ? Introduction The effects of global warming continue generating intense debate among businesses that see it as a major threat to their operations. In this regard the global community is seeking partnerships with governments and other stakeholders to formulate policy guidelines that will act as means of ensuring that they adopt green technology in their operations to counter this threat. Failure to do this will result to irreversible decline in profits, deterioration of people’s health through emergence of killer diseases like skin cancer and closure of businesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Going Green in Hospitality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Benefits The hospitality industry has not been left out in adopting green technologies in their operations to ensure they slay this global phenomenon. In doing this they have realized the immense benefits that come with the green technology in almost all areas of their industry. The use of renewable power like solar energy, wind power and bio fuels reduces the energy costs incurred in the hospitality industry a great deal. Due to their nature of operations they require power throughout; when preparing food, entertaining guests and also when cleaning. This therefore means they incur huge electricity bills through out and this can be reduced by the adaptation of green technology. Installation of solar panels or wind power can reduce these expenses in a great way and this can increase their profits and enable investment in other projects like expansion. Are there actually disadvantage of staying the same? The use of green technology reduces the pollution of the environment. The damage that is usually done to the environment when hotels use petroleum products is very catastrophic. They use the product on large quantities especially in cooking. Diesel products for instance emit a lot of hydrocarbons into the air that cause global warming, which is known to hamper marine life and make some species of the marine bio diversity extinct. This affects the product range available for offer to their clients. They also poison most fish species which make them unfit for human consumption. These diesel emissions are also known to be carcinogenic and cause a lot of cancer related ailments that pose a very great danger to the workers in the industry and to the whole world at large. However all this can be avoided if the industry adopts green technology. There are no side effects of using green energy since they are environmentally friendly and they use ecologically friendly resources. The definite advantages of changing The industry has also come alive to the fact that ecotourism is a major attraction to many people who want to conserve the world we live in. (Hotelinteractive. com. 2008) People appreciate and value those involved in environmental conservation and most like being associated with them. Many organizations and governments prefer holding their meetings and conferences in venues that are accredited by environmental conservation agencies as compliant to set green standards. The hospitality industry being a major player in this field does not want to be left behind. This is because those who comply and champion these interests will attract wide clientele and this will be a major boost to their businesses. Many players in the industry have sought to comply with the set standards to ensure they remain competitive in the industry. The industry has therefore invested heavily in imparting the required knowledge and skills to its staff and other stakeholders to ensure best practices. They are then seeking certification from recognized regulatory institutions that also continuously monitor their progress through regular visits and checks. What people think The adoption of green technology by the hospitality industry improves the public image and the perceptions that people have towards the industry. â€Å"Going green is no longer a request, but rather a demand. † ( Nowpublic. com. 008) The world today is doing everything to combat global warming which is seen as a major threat to future earnings of almost each sector in the global economy. This will also attract a lot of customers to those who will be seen to be compliant. The hospitality industry is therefore viewed as one of the environmentally sensitive industries and this places it strategically on the global arena of attaining sustainable development. Are there side effects? The players in the hospitality industry must embrace the use of renewable sources of energy like wind power and solar energy. Such installations will ensure minimal environmental pollution and also availability throughout. This is because the sources such as sun and wind are naturally available and apart from installation costs and routine maintenance there are no other major associated costs. The electricity bills and the costs of running stand-by generators will be done away with and profits will increase both in the short and in the long run. Knowledge aquired The industry players should also minimize the amount of wastes that is usually dumped. This can be done through recycling most of these wastes. For example , a hotel can recycle waste paper into scratch pads, the cartridges used by printers and fax machines can be refilled when empty instead of being dumped, they can also install soap and shampoo dispensers in their facilities to reduce the waste from small plastic bottles, they can also replace toxic and hazardous cleaning agents with good friendlier biodegradable cleaners, they can also donate reusable dishes and other cutlery to charities instead of dumping and also they should install recyclable bins in all areas for collection of waste cans and plastics. When these measures are undertaken, the industry will enjoy the enormous benefits associated with the green technology. The industry players should also invest heavily in the provision of skills and knowledge to the stakeholders who must be involved in the attainment of desired objectives. The stakeholders are mainly their workers, customers and also their suppliers. They should organize workshops and seminars to educate them on the necessity of adopting the green technology. When they fully understand the benefits they will commit to observe and adhere to the standards set in the industry and this will ensure attainment of desired results.? Financial The adoption of the above measures will nonetheless be an uphill task to most of the players in the hospitality industry. Most of these measures like installing and maintaining solar and wind energy systems require huge budgets and skilled workers. Most of the players in the industry are midlevel enterprises that lack the financial ability to manage such capital-intensive projects. Also those who carry out these projects may take a long time to recover and return to profitability. Nonetheless the hotels will save BIG money in the end. Conclusion The green technology should be implemented by all the industries not only the hospitality industry. This will enhance the realization of the aspired results which will guarantee the global population of a better environment to live in. This is because global warming is a major threat to all industries regardless of the area of specialization. Failure by the industry players to implement these policies will be threatening the same businesses they rely on. Reference List Patrice A Kelly (2008) So you want to go green [Internet] Available from: http://www. hotelinteractive. com/article. aspx? articleid=12180 [Accessed 2 May, 2012] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania †¢ Department of environmental protection (Unknown) Fact Sheet [Internet] Available from: http://www. google. com/url? sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2sqi=2ved=0C CsQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Finfohouse. p2ric. org%2Fr ef%2F03%2F02592. pdfei=mcWiT6X9HMTsOdbgmd0Iusg=AFQjCNGbSE_1baXV5YwYwqMxCkhfrYUsUg [Accessed 30 April, 2012] Ursula Tillmann (2008) Hotels going â€Å"Green† demanded by guests [Internet] Available from: http://www. nowpublic. com/environment/hotels-going-green-demanded-guests [Accessed 2 May, 2012] Roza Gazsi (2011) Hotels going green – So much more than a pleasant stay [Internet] Available from: http://www. ecowizer. com/2011/03/hotels-going-green-so-much-more-than-a-pleasant-stay/ [Accessed 3 May, 2012] Epa. gov (2011) Why go green [Internet] Available from: http://www. epa. gov/region2/p2/hospitality/why/index. html [Accessed 3 May, 2012] Bibliorgaphy Gogreencleaning. bravehost. om (Unknown) Go green! Cleaning products [Online Image] Available from: http://www. google. com/imgres? um=1hl=enclient=firefox-arls=org. mozilla:en-US:officialbiw=1280bih=657tbm=ischtbnid=xEbt0DfSpFO7FM:imgrefurl=http://www. gogreencleaning. bravehost. com/docid=TTradC0z9xRMaMimgurl=http://gogreencleaning. bravehost. com/myPictures/gogreen. jpgw=390h=448ei=TdiiT8mXPMGfOufoqdMIzoom=1iact=hcvpx=1032 vpy=93dur=1870hovh=241hovw=209tx=161ty=150sig=111890973347592325663page=1tbnh=125tbnw=101start=0ndsp=21ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:158 [Accessed 3 May, 2012 ] How to cite Going Green in Hospitality, Essay examples

The Relationship of the Human Sciences Essay Example

The Relationship of the Human Sciences Essay The Relationship of the Human Sciences to the Natural Sciences To a great extent, however, the human sciences do encompass natural facts and are based on knowledge of nature. If one were to imagine purely spiritual beings in a realm of persons which consisted only of such beings, then their coming-to-be, preservation, and development, as well as their extinction whatever representations we may form of the background from which these beings appear and into which they disappear would be dependent on purely spiritual conditions. Their well-being would be based on their relation to a world of spirit, their contact with each other and their interactions would be effected through purely mental means, and the lasting effects of their actions would be of a purely spiritual sort. Even their disappearance from the realm of persons would be grounded in the spiritual sphere. The system of such individuals would be known by pure sciences of spirit. In reality, however, an individual comes into being, survives, and develops on the basis of the functions of an animal organism and its connections to his natural environment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship of the Human Sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship of the Human Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship of the Human Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His feeling of life is, at least partly, based on these natural functions; his impressions are conditioned y his sense organs and the way they are affected by the external world. We find that the abundance and liveliness of his representations, the strength and direction of his acts of will, are in many ways dependent on changing conditions within his nervous system. His volitional impulses induce contractions in the muscle fibers when effect directed outwards is bound to molecular changes in his body; lasting results of his acts of will exist only in the form of changes in the material world. Thus the mental life off man is part of the psychophysical life-unit which is the form in which human existence and human life are manifested. Only by means of abstraction is mental life separable from that psychophysical life-unit. The system of these life-units is the reality which constitutes the subject matter of the socio-historical sciences. Whatever the metaphysical facts may be, man as a life-unit may be regarded from the two points of view that we have developed: seen from within he is a system of mental facts, but to the senses he is a physical whole. Inner and outer perception never occur in one and the same act, and consequently the reality of mental life is never even simultaneously with that of our body. On account of this, there are necessarily two different and irreducible standpoints for a scientific approach aimed at grasping the connection of the mental and the physical as expressed in the psychophysical life-unit. If I start with inner experience, then I find the whole external world to be given in my consciousness and all the laws of nature to be subject to the conditions of my consciousness and, therefore, dependent on them. This is the standpoint which German philosophy at the turn of the eighteenth century designated as transcendental philosophy. On the other hand, I can start from the world of physical nature, as I see it before me, and perceive psychic facts ordered within space and time; I then see changes within spiritual life subject to external interference-natural or experimental-consisting of physical changes impinging on the standpoint into a comprehensive picture of the dependence of the human spirit on the body. This results in a scientific approach which proceeds from Outer to inner, from physical changes to mental ones. Thus the antagonism between the philosopher and the natural scientist is conditioned by their antithetical starting mints. Let us now take as our point of departure the perspective of the natural sciences. Insofar as this perspective remains conscious of its limits, its results are incontestable. These results receive a closer determination of their cognitive value only from the standpoint of inner experience. Natural science analyzes the causal nexus of nature. Where this analysis has reached the point at which a material fact or change is regularly connected with a psychic fact or change, without a further intermediary being detectable between them, only this regularity itself can be established; no connection of cause and effect can be applied to this relation. We find uniformities in the one sphere of life regularly connected with uniformities of the other, and the mathematical concept of function is the appropriate expression for such a relationship. To conceive the course of mental changes running parallel to physical changes as comparable to the working of two synchronized clocks fits as well with experience as does a conception assuming only one clockwork, which, when taken informatively as a basis of explanation, considers both spheres of experience as but different manifestations of one ground. Dependence of the mental on the natural world is a relation according to which the overall natural context causally conditions those material facts and changes which are regularly, and apparently directly, connected with mental facts and changes. Thus the natural sciences regard the chain of causality as reaching into the domain of psychophysical life. But here we find a mode of change in which the relationship of the material and the Psychical is not governed by this sort of causal approach, and this change then in turn generates a change in the material world. In this context the physiologists experiments disclose he importance of the structure of the nervous system. By analyzing how the bewildering phenomena of life depend on each other, we can trace the sequence of natural changes which reach man, enter his nervous system through the senses, and give rise to sensations, representations, feelings, and desires which, in turn, affect the course of nature. The psychophysical life-unit which is filled with the immediate feeling of its undivided existence is analyzed into a system of empirically observable relations between facts of consciousness and observable relations of structure and the functions of the nervous system. For every psychic act shows itself to be connected with a change in our body only by means of the nervous system; and a change in our body, in turn, is accompanied by a change in our psychic state only through its effect on the nervous system. This analysis of psychophysical life-units provides a clearer notion of their dependence on the overall context of nature within which they appear and act and from which they withdraw again. It also clarifies how the study of socio-historical reality depends on our knowledge of nature. From this, we can establish the extent to which the theories of Comet and Herbert Spencer are justified in locating these sciences in their hierarchy of all the sciences. While the present work will attempt to ground the relative independence of the human sciences, it must also consider the other perspective, which places them within the which can show how the human sciences are conditioned by our knowledge of nature and constitute the final and highest member in a progression which begins with mathematics. Mental facts comprise the uppermost limit of natural facts, and the latter the underlying Conditions of human life. Because the realm of persons, including human Society and history, is the highest phenomenon of the empirical world, knowledge of it must at countless points be based on the system of presuppositions which accounts for its development within the w hole of nature. Man, because of his position in the causal system of nature, Is conditioned by it in a twofold respect. The psychophysical life-unit, as we saw, receives through its nervous system continuous stimuli from the general course of nature which it in turn affects. Where the psychophysical unit affects nature this is characteristically in the form of action guided by purposes. On the one hand, nature and its constitution can govern this psychophysical unit in the shaping of purposes themselves; on the other hand, nature qua system of means for attaining these ends codetermines the psychophysical unit. Thus even in those cases where we exert our will, where we act on nature, we are dependent on the system of nature precisely because we are not blind forces but rather volitional creatures that reflectively establish their purposes. Accordingly, psychophysical units find themselves dependent on natural processes in a twofold manner: beginning with the earths position in the cosmic whole, nature as causal system conditions socio-historical reality. For the empirical researcher, the great problem of the relation between nature and freedom within socio-historical reality is subdivided into countless particular questions involving the relation between facts of the human world and influences of nature. On the other hand, the purposes of the human world have their repercussions on nature or on the earth, which man in this sense regards as his dwelling and in which he is busily making himself at home. These retroactive influences on nature are also dependent on using the laws of nature. All purposes lie exclusively within the sphere of human spirit, for this is what is truly real for man; but a purpose seeks its means of realization in the system of nature. The change which the creative power of spirit produces in the external world is often nearly inconspicuous. Yet only through it does the value thus created exist for other people as well. The few pages which came into the hands of Copernicus as the material remnants of the profound mental efforts by which the ancients first conceived the idea that the earth moves became the starting point for a revolution in our conception of the world. Now it can be seen how relative the delimitation of these two groups of sciences is. Disputes such as those about the status of universal linguistics are unproductive. At both points of transition between the study of nature and that of the human world I. . , where nature influences the development of the mind and where it is either influenced by or forms the passageway for influencing other minds-both sorts of knowledge always intermingle. Knowledge of the natural sciences overlaps with that of the human sciences. Because of this twofold formative influence of nature on human life, we can combine knowledge of how nature shapes human beings with insight in to how it provides us with material for action. Thus an important part of grammar and of music theory is derived from our knowledge of the natural laws of sound formation. Even a genius of accomplishments is conditioned by an understanding of this dependence. Here it can be further seen that, to a great extent, knowledge of the conditions supplied by nature and explored by natural science provides the basis for the study of the facts of the human world. The development of the individual, the manner in which the unman race has been dispersed throughout the earth, and finally mans historical destiny-all these are conditioned by the cosmic whole. Wars, for example, are a chief component of all history. They are the result of political decisions by states, but they are fought with weapons. The theory of war depends primarily on knowledge of the physical conditions which provide the basis and means for a conflict of wills, for the purpose of war is to impose our will on the enemy by means of physical force. This involves coercing the enemy to the point of defensiveness, until his position is ore disadvantageous than the sacrifice demanded of him and can only be exchanged for an even more disadvantageous one. In making such calculations the physical conditions and means are most important; therefore the scientific study of war has very little to say about the psychological factors involved. The sciences of man, society, and history take the sciences of nature as their basis in two ways: first, insofar as psychophysical units themselves can be studied only with the help of biology; second, insofar as nature is the medium of their purposive activity, which is aimed mainly at the domination of nature. In the first respect, the life sciences provide the basis; in the second, it is chiefly those of inorganic nature. The relation to be clarified consists first of all in the fact that these natural conditions determine the development and distribution of human life on the face of the earth, and secondly in the fact that the purposive activity of man is bound by the laws of nature and is thus conditioned by his knowledge and use of them. Thus the first relation shows only the dependence of man on nature, while the second includes this dependence only as the reverse side of the history of his increasing domination of the earth. Ritter has applied a comparative method to that part of the first relation that involves mans connections to the nature that surrounds him. He presented us with brilliant prospects. In particular, his comparative appraisal of the continents in terms of their contours yielded a sense of how world history might be predestined in accordance with the overall spatial articulation of the earth. But this approach, which Ritter regarded as teleology of universal history, and which Buckle placed in the service of naturalism, has not been confirmed by subsequent research. In place of the inception of a uniform dependence of man on nature, a more cautious conception has developed, namely, that the struggle of human, moral powers with the conditions of mechanistic spatiality has steadily reduced the dependence of those peoples that have a history, in contrast to those that do not. Thus here, too, a science of socio- historical reality has asserted itself-one which uses natural conditions to explain, but nevertheless is independent. The second relation shows that the dependence involved in adapting to conditions is connected with the overcoming of spatiality wrought science and technique in such a way that man in history attains mastery precisely by means of submission. The problem of the relation of the human sciences to our knowledge of nature can be solved only when we have resolved the opposition with which we began, namely, that between the transcendental standpoint for which standpoint which regards the development of the human spirit as subject to the conditions of nature. This task constitutes one aspect of the problem of knowledge. If this problem can be isolated for the human sciences, then a solution acceptable to all s by no means impossible. The conditions for such a solution would be a demonstration of the objective reality of inner experience and a proof of the existence of an external world from which we can then conclude that this external world contains human facts and spiritual meaning by means of a process of transferring our inner life into this world. Just as the eye which has been blinded by looking directly into the sun reproduces the suns image in the most diverse colors and in the most diverse places, so our perception multiplies the image of our inner fife and transfers it in manifold modifications to various points in surrounding nature. This process can be represented and Justified as an analogical inference from our own inner life that is originally given immediately to us alone. By means of representations of the objectifications linked with our own inner life, similar appearances in the external world are associated with a corresponding similar underlying source. Whatever nature may be in itself, it is sufficient for the study of the causality of the human spirit that natural phenomena can always be interpreted ND used as signs of reality, that uniformities of coexistence and succession can be- interpreted and used as a sign of such uniformities in reality. But-once we enter the world of human spirit and investigate nature insofar as it provides the content of spirit, insofar as it is woven into the will purposively or instrumentally, then nature is for us Just what it is in us. What nature may be in itself is here entirely irrelevant. It is enough that nature be given in such a way that we can count on its lawfulness for our actions and appreciate the beautiful appearance of its existence.